"This paper is based on direct measurements of sound features without any categorization or subjective labeling." "I didn't categorize things at all and used purely acoustic measurements," says Mercado, who specifically chose published records of data to avoid any suggestion of cherry picking the data. Any subsequent analysis would depend on how well the categories captured the intricacies of the song. Songs sounding like a human snore would be placed in a "snore" category. The cultural transmission hypothesis is attractive in part because it's hard to imagine what mechanism might instigate the song variation.īut previous research has relied heavily on subjectively defined categories. "I compare songs over 40 years and compare populations that have never been in contact with one another, and they're doing basically the same thing."ĭespite large and sometimes rapid changes, whales often end up singing similar songs, according to Mercado. "These things are not true," says Mercado. Each population is original, taking their songs in original directions. Mercado says existing research claims that humpback populations isolated from one another do not change their songs in the same way. They're basically beat matching when they change songs - and we found similarities in populations that had no social contact or genetic links." When they make changes, they do so in relation to what preceded it. "I think that might be true of the whales. "They have to think about beat matching, tempo and mood in order to maintain a continuous flow. "DJs can't just randomly go from one song to the next," says Mercado. The talented club DJ serves as an appropriate metaphor for changing whale song. The songs change over time in a fashion that's even more precise than what humans do when language develops." But what we found is very specific and precise, without a trace of arbitrary vocalization. That means it doesn't matter what is heard or what is copied. "Cultural transmission implies that what's heard is copied. "But to me, what the whales are doing is actually more impressive. "The idea that humpback whales are a distinguished part of the animal kingdom because of their ability to culturally learn songs is apparently not true," says Mercado. 9) in the Journal of Comparative Psychology, analyzed songs from groups of humpbacks that were not in acoustic contact with each other, yet still produced acoustically comparable songs. "I think the results are provocative and will probably make other whale researchers livid or dismissive, but at least the discussion won't be boring!" "Our findings indicate that neither cultural transmission nor social learning contributes significantly to how humpback whales change their songs over time. "It seems like that is not correct," says Eduardo Mercado, a professor of psychology in UB's College of Arts and Sciences. Humpbacks might be singing songs that are not as "cultured" as once assumed.Ī new study by a University at Buffalo researcher is directly contradicting the widely accepted cultural transmission hypothesis suggesting that whales learn their songs from other whales. But maybe the humpbacks are no longer part of that trio.
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